As open as possible, as closed as necessary: This principle is a key tenet of Open Science, advocating for sharing knowledge without unnecessary or inappropriate barriers.
Copyright: The exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, and distribute a creative work. Librarians advise on managing and retaining these rights. Copyright is not applicable to raw data, whereas a database can be protected by copyright if its selection or arrangement reflects originality/creativity.
Embargo: A temporary restriction delaying open access to outputs.
FAIR Principles: (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Re-usable) support research outputs to be machine-actionable and therefore foster sharing, redistribution, and reproduction.
FAIR-R²L: FAIR-expansion (as focusing on technical aspects and machine-actionability) to FAIR plus ‘Responsibly Licensed’ adding the requirement to datasets being responsibly licensed and legally ready for reuse (whether in research or machine learning workflows or in use by AI; read more here).
Freedom to Operate (FTO): The analysis of whether a product or dataset can be used, shared, or commercialised without infringing third-party rights.
Intellectual assets: Results or products generated through R&I activities (source), such as data, software, publications, inventions, or know-how, that have scientific, societal, or economic value in their own right. Some of these intellectual assets may be protected through Intellectual Property Rights; where this occurs, the resulting rights constitute additional, legally enforceable assets that can support valorisation and exploitation.
Examples of Intellectual Assets:1) Publications (papers, reports etc.); 2) Lectures, talks, presentations, learning material; 3) Inventions (and utility models), innovation, technology; 4) Data sets (raw/processed data); 5) (Industrial) Designs; 6) Software and Code; 7) Multimedia;Protocols and (research) methods; 9) Technical reports; 10) Topographies of integrated circuits; 11) Geographical information; 12) others
Intellectual Property and Intellectual Property Rights: The result of intellectual activities that is eligible for legal protection and includes inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, images, and designs (source). IP4OS concentrates especially on the management of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in ways that are compatible with Open Science, such as decisions concerning copyright, open-source licensing, regulatory exclusivity, etc.
Examples of Intellectual Property Rights:1) Copyright; 2) Patent; 3) Trademark/Tradename; 4) Plant Variety Right; 5) Industrial Design; 6) Geographical Indication; 7) (Open) License / License agreements; and in the wider context 8) Creative Commons license; 9) Secondary Publication Rights;
Knowledge valorisation Knowledge valorisation is the process of creating social, [environmental] and economic value from knowledge by linking different areas and sectors and transforming [research outputs (results, data, software, code, etc.)] into sustainable products, services, solutions and knowledge-based policies that benefit society (source). This transformation is determined by availability, re-utilisation and re-usability of intellectual assets. The application of Intellectual Property Rights and Open Science practices serves as a key instrument for research Knowledge Valorisation, defining the control and/or specification of utilisation of intellectual assets and safeguarding the author’s/innovator’s rights.
The simple Knowledge Valorisation Rubric is an effective tool to assess a) focus of intellectual assets (producing new or re-using existing intellectual assets), b) the level or conditions of re-use, c) timing for/of reuse.
Licensing: The process of granting permission for others to use intellectual property under defined conditions, for example, software licences.
Open [...]: Refers to approaches that use no or low degrees of restrictiveness. In the case of data, it is associated with FAIR principles, while in that of copyright, with licences such as CC-BY and CC-BY-SA. It is seen as facilitating further research and downstream innovation.
Open Access: Refers in particular to the release of research outputs such as articles or books in a way that they are accessible and reusable without a fee. There are different business models associated with open, in terms of who pays for publication costs and how.
Open licensing: An approach to licensing that aims to maximise possibilities for access and re-use. The most famous examples of these are Creative Commons licences.
Open Science: Аs defined by UNESCO, is a set of principles and practices that aim to make scientific research from all fields accessible to everyone for the benefit of scientists and society as a whole. Open Science is about making sure not only that scientific knowledge is accessible but also that the production of that knowledge itself is inclusive, equitable and sustainable. It is “an approach to research based on open cooperative work that emphasises the sharing of knowledge, results and tools as early and widely as possible" (source). Open Science aims at (long-term) availability of intellectual assets for further knowledge circulation and gain, reusability, co-creation and enhancement of innovative power and dissemination through no-or-low barrier (according to "as open as possible, as closed as necessary") access to scientific outputs, enabling reuse for discovery, validation, and cumulative knowledge building. Openness fosters quality assurance and replicability, and strengthens reliability, integrity, and trust in science.
Examples of Open Science practices:1) Applying theFAIRprinciples to research outcomes; 2)pre-registrationandregistered report; 3) publishing inOpen Accessjournals; 4) Depositing and sharing data, software, scripts, and algorithms inopen repositories; 5) Usingopen licences(e.g. Creative Commons, Open Hardware Licence etc.); 6) Providingdata management plans(DMPs); 7) Usingopen data; 8)Documenting codeto support reuse and reproducibility; 9)Sharing experimental protocols, workflows, and methodologies; 10) Postingpreprintsto share results prior to formal publication; and others
Regulatory Exclusivity: A non-patent intellectual property tool granting temporary market protection based on regulatory data, relevant in pharmaceutical valorisation strategies.
Repository: A digital platform - typically non-commercial - used to store, manage, and provide access to research outputs.
Rights Retention: The practice of ensuring authors keep their rights, only offering specific possibilities to publishers when signing publishing/copyright transfer agreements.
Secondary Publication Rights (SPR): A legal framework allowing authors to make a version of their published articles openly accessible through institutional or non-profit repositories, typically upon or after journal publication, and potentially under certain conditions.